his justice, but that he himself gave what was required in the place of our punishment underscores his merciful love. In both cases it is the Father who gives up his Son to the cross and the Son who gives himself up in the Spirit. Thus Jesus can even cry from the cross, “Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do” (Luke 23:34). It is precisely because his death is propitiatory and substitutionary that he can say this—and by saying it, actually effect it. Even more fundamentally, while the